Address today's health care issues for the small independent clinic, the midsize facility and the multi-office practice. See demonstrations of modification software and advanced clinical scanning techniques using a scanning lasting box, a vacuum box and a TLSO table. Discuss BioScanner noncontact twin head laser digitizing, Virtual Casting contact digitizing, CAMLabs, custom TF socket and custom TLSO modifiable by measurements, AFOs, cranial helmets, burn masks, CT, and MRI data acquisition.

Review new and innovative alternatives to current prosthetic socket design and suspension techniques. Focus on the RCR™ Socket, a new transtibial socket design which increases range of motion and comfort while improving suspension. Discuss casting, modifying and fitting for the RCR™ socket.

Review clinical studies of weight activated stance control, combined with the benefit of microprocessor, hydraulic and pneumatic swing controls as they relate to activity levels. View video and patient models that demonstrate the progressive release of stance control and the subtle transition into swing phase. Receive an overview of matching this technology to feet and other devices to provide solutions for the best patient outcome.

For many decades, rehabilitation experts have been searching for an orthosis that will safely support a weakened or paralyzed leg without locking the knee and interfering with swing phase function. This special two-part workshop will be taught by John W. Michael, MEd, CPO, FAAOP, FISPO and will include a detailed review of the sagittal plane mechanics of normal and pathologic gait. Practical instruction on selection, fabrication, adjustment, fitting, and troubleshooting the SCOKJ® will be presented in a multimedia format.
Please note that the morning session runs from 8:30 am- 12:30 pm; the afternoon session is from 1:30-5:30 pm. ABC Certified or State Licensed practitioners who attend BOTH the morning and afternoon segments of this Qualifying Course and successfully complete the written examination will be qualified to order the SCOKJ®. Technicians and other interested individuals are also welcome to attend but will not become qualified.

Review the WalkAide™ system and how it restores functional mobility to persons with upper motor neuron lesions which may cause leg paralysis (i.e. "foot drop") as a result of spinal cord injury, stroke, cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, or head injury. Join presenter Deanna Fish, MS, CPO to discuss WalkAide's™ use of Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) to stimulate the motor nerves directly and activate the muscle to raise the foot.

Gain detailed instruction on the use and application of OMEGA® Tracer® in various orthotic applications along with a high level overview of prosthetic abilities currently being applied as well. Join presenter, Jennifer Dowell, CPO to see how OMEGA® Tracer® is continuing to develop clinical applications that include new innovations in orthotic patient management.

Dynamic Movement Orthoses are individually designed and custom fabricated orthoses that address the specific neurological and functional requirements of the patient. These body forming orthoses are highly interactive with the wearer and provide an increased internal soft tissue pressure which leads to enhanced proprioceptive feedback to improve positional limb and body awareness, improving muscle activation and movement control. Review the development of the orthosis, case studies, measuring technique, and patient selection.

Learn to use proper materials and techniques to create extremely light, thin and durable devices. Learn to alter the material lay-up to create specific characteristics in a device. Combine fabrication methods and materials to make hybrid composite devices.

Discuss accurate individual selection protocols that have been developed for the Becker Orthopedic family of stance control knee joints. Learn how some individuals with lower limb paralysis can more closely mimic normal gait than is possible in a locked KAFO. Review contemporary component design and construct a matrix that allows prescriptions to be informed and based upon the biomechanical principles of joint motion, the underlying design of the orthosis and its impact on the joint.

Review advancements in orthotics that integrate new technologies and materials that will push the industry in a new direction.

Focus on orthotic designs that use activation mechanisms and composite materials to allow dynamic motion during gait. Explore the use of Thermoformable Composite for AFO's, the OAK brace for KO's, the Swing Phase Lock for KAFO's, and the variety of Isocentric and Fillauer components for RGO systems. Gain a broader sense of how these components function. Join presenters Karl Fillauer, CPO, FAAOP; David Fillauer, CPO; Gerald Stark, CP, FAAOP; and Martin Rightmire to learn about designs that combine these various components into alternative solutions that allow greater freedom and motion in gait.

Gain an overview of the fast growing Freedom Innovations product line, including next generation carbon fiber foot products, silicone interfaces, and the new Agility MPC Knee™. Review proper product selection and alignment, design concepts and billing recommendations. Receive a detailed report covering the design and function of the Agility MPC Knee, as well as a summary of testing, to enhance your understanding of the product's capabilities. Presenter Kurt Collier, CP, will incorporate patient demonstrations to enhance your working knowledge of the products presented.

Review the use of properly fitting shoes and cost-effective orthotic devices to promote care and prevention with the diabetic foot. Learn how off the shelf products and orthotics can be modified quickly and on-site to provide a clinical solution to patients in need (i.e. at wound care clinics). Learn how technology and new products can help raise the level of patient care at an O&P practice while increasing the practice's visibility with referrals and patients.

Unloader One is a new pain relief device for people with unicompartmental osteoarthritis. Explore osteoarthritis, the disease, its effects and treatment options. Focusing on bracing solutions and the Unloader One, the presenter will go into details on the features and benefits of this innovative design, give fitting instructions and help trouble shoot. Review a case study of a current user of the Unloader One and initial results of a study being conducted at the Steadman Hawkins Clinic in Vail, CO.

Mr. Townsend’s presentations will concentrate on human and prosthetic below knee complex biomechanical function in level ground walking. He will focus on the processes of the human below knee complex non-pathological gait and how to accurately replicate these functions in prosthetic replacement. Particular attention will be paid to physiological shock absorption and kinetic power generation. Mr. Townsend will also present innovative mechanical solutions that advance the biomechanics, function and design of current below knee prosthetic systems.

Research and development in this area is growing exponentially. Come and find out about the new and exciting advancements in upper extremity prosthetics. Otto Bock is leading the industry in this segment and will bring a new generation of devices to your patients.

Prosthetists learn the effect of using liners with pins and locking devices as their mainstay suspension method for transtibial amputees. Discuss the major improvements over previous suspension methods available. Assess what works for the varied types of amputees.

The success of your O&P practice depends on your ability to implement effective and efficient processes, manage workflow smoothly and maintain accountability. OPIE Software was designed by practicing O&P clinicians and business owners for this purpose. OPIE helps practitioners, technicians, clerical, and administrative staff work together seamlessly by providing an integrated workflow management system tailored specifically for the needs of an O&P practice. Experience what efficiency and accountability in every aspect of practice management, clinical record keeping, ordering, fabrication, billing, and collections can do for your business.

For many decades, rehabilitation experts have been searching for an orthosis that will safely support a weakened or paralyzed leg without locking the knee and interfering with swing phase function. This special two-part workshop will be taught by John W. Michael, MEd, CPO, FAAOP, FISPO and will include a detailed review of the sagittal plane mechanics of normal and pathologic gait. Practical instruction on selection, fabrication, adjustment, fitting, and troubleshooting the SCOKJ® will be presented in a multimedia format.
Please note that the morning session runs from 8:30 am - 12:30 pm; the afternoon session is from 1:30-5:30 pm. ABC Certified or State Licensed practitioners who attend BOTH the morning and afternoon segments of this Qualifying Course and successfully complete the written examination will be qualified to order the SCOKJ®. Technicians and other interested individuals are also welcome to attend but will not become qualified.

This is a two part workshop. Receive a free ToeOFF, BlueROCKER or YPSILON (not for resale) if you register for this workshop prior to February 13 and attend both parts of the workshop. Each workshop is 2 hours. PART 1: Gait Concepts: Explore biomechanics, proprioception and muscle function with orthotic design and application to expand the possibilities for enhanced gait outcomes. Learn the ins and outs of product selection and customization for dynamic response carbon composite AFO's. Learn tips to reduce delamination. Learn how to combine BlueROCKER with a toe filler to provide dynamic response for partial amputations. PART 2: Pediatric Orthotics: A SWASH (Sitting-Walking- And-Standing Hip) orthosis is only offered to orthotists who have been certified to fit the orthosis. This course qualifies for SWASH certification.

Learn how to create a comfortable and secure suspension for both transtibial and transfemoral amputees using Ohio Willow Wood's LimbLogic™ VS – the only fullyintegrated, remote-controlled vacuum suspension system on the market today. Presenters Jeff Denune, CP and Andy Marsland, CPO will teach about the operation of the vacuum unit and its remote control. Receive an overview of the recommended socket fabrication techniques. See some unique new socket designs for use with this technology.

Recent studies have tried to provide insight into the progressive mechanism of idiopathic scoliosis. Dynamic bracing tries to redirect spinal growth rather than reacting to it. Review clinical experience and research to see if this is a viable alternative to current treatment approaches. Participants will fabricate an orthosis and complete an exam for certification.

Learn a simplified way to organize the brace selection process by grouping the foot, ankle and knee presentations commonly seen in patients requiring bracing intervention. Understand how directly associating a brace design or bracing strategy with a defined patient presentation works well both in theory and in practice. Included will be video examples and discussions on brace function.

Attend this workshop to make sure you understand the differences between the varieties of lower extremity components. We'll cover the interaction between knees and feet including how microprocessor technology changes how your patients walk.

Review the evolution of thermoplastic pre-preg carbon and its application to orthotics. Compare the limitations of laminated carbon and thermoset pre-preg to the relative advantages of themoplastic pre-preg carbon with regard to forming methods, strength, fiber density, and flexibility. Review specific techniques and structural considerations to achieve an optimal outcome. Review individual clinical case studies with regard to practical integration. Presenters Martin Rightmire, Gerald Stark, CP, FAAOP and Michael Fillauer, CPO will also examine other uses in orthotics and prosthetics to incorporate this versatile material.

Introducing the all new Canfit™ Design Software - a ground-breaking solution for designing custom orthotic and prosthetic devices from head to toe. Presenter Carl Saunders demonstrates how you can now preview any shape for comparison, integrate and align photos and xrays, visualize, and edit trimlines. Learn how these tools and more can help you to design unique footwear products, prosthetic sockets, AFOs, KAFOs, seats, body jackets, and cervical orthoses.

Discuss the use of Comfort Products, Inc., product line - including fabrics, fibers and prosthetic componentry. Learn about suggested lay-up options for your sockets using the latest materials available from Comfort Products. Learn to interface your sockets with the new innovative Bauerfeind componentry. There are many choices available when it comes to fabrication techniques, this educational course is the best place for you to learn valuable techniques and discuss procedures that will save you time and money while providing the best solutions for your facility and patients.

Introduced in 2004 the ICEROSS Seal-In liner soon became an established method for suspension of both transtibial and transfemoral prosthesis. Review the next generation of Seal-In liner showing how the innovative design can enhance proprioception, control and comfort of hypobaric suspension for the transtibial amputee. Review the many features and benefits inherent in the new design. Focus on the clinical aspects that have been found to be important for successful application. Casting, modification and checking socket verification techniques will be demonstrated. Presenter, Ian Fothergill, BSc (Hons), MBAPO will review several case histories showing a wide variety of applications, providing the participants with a complete clinical picture of how and when to apply the Iceross Seal-In liner.

Focus exclusively on lower extremity orthotic solutions utilizing Ultraflex componentry. Learn how to integrate Ultraflex technology into your routine patient care to help improve overall results when managing your day-to-day lower extremity orthotic patients. Discuss both pediatric and adult applications as well as Ultraflex's therapeutic ROM components and the new USS™ knee and ankle joints. In addition, Ultraflex's brand new UltraQuick Release™ for easily converting KAFOs to AFOs will be discussed. This workshop will include several case study examples for a practical learning experience.

Discuss how wireless technologies are rapidly making inroads in both the inpatient and outpatient setting. Review analysts' projections that claim hand-held technologies have the potential to reduce medical errors, increase competitive advantage, save money, enhance productivity, improve workflow, and enable patients and practitioners in new ways. Discuss these practical application solutions including access issues, integration, encryption, HIPAA compliance issues, the convergence of technology applications, case studies, and examine what works and what doesn't.

Get overviews on new features in the U3+ Arm that add a whole new level of function including compatibility with new TDs, such as the iLimb Hand. Gain hands-on instruction in the User Interface software used with the new U3+ Arm as well as ProControl 2. Bring your laptop, and we'll install the new software. Obtain specifics of the highly functioning Motion Control Terminal Devices. Gain insight on the new Hybrid Utah Arm as well.

The i-LIMB Hand is straight forward to fit - patients start using the hand immediately. Just like fitting a normal myo—this workshop addresses the key facts you need to offer bionic technology from your practice and transform the lives of upper limb patients.

Learn about concepts that have been the hot topic lately in addressing the coronal plane trunk shifts and decompensational issues related to adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. The presentation will focus on orthosis design as well as treatment of curves and the coronal plane deviations. Patient case studies will be presented as well showing in and out of orthosis radiographs and clinical pictures.

Following transtibial amputation, rigid dressing of plaster of Paris has been reported to have advantages over soft dressing regarding wound healing and edema reduction but its use may be limited by application and wound access difficulties. An easily applicable and removable vacuum-formed rigid dressing (ORRD) has been introduced. Review results of this randomized trial of 27 subjects that compared vacuum-formed removable rigid dressing with conventional plaster of Paris rigid dressing after transtibial amputation.

Individuals with Hemiplegic gait patterns post cerebral vascular accident (CVA) are often prescribed an AFO to aid in the return to ambulation. Review results of this study of 25 subjects that tested the hypotheses that both acute and chronic subjects will improve with the utilization of a prescribed AFO and that chronic CVA subjects will have improved gait parameters relative to acute subjects both with and without an AFO.

This presentation focuses on the necessary financial, organizational and personnel controls needed to effectively manage an O&P company. From benchmarks and budgeting to employee fraud, we will review these important issues as well as many others.

Orthotics and Prosthetics as we know it is being influenced by outside forces often without the input of Orthotists and Prosthetists. Scientists, Engineers, Tissue Engineers, Physicians, and Surgeons all are entering the O&P arena. Experts in this symposia will explore what is going on outside of traditional O&P (DARPA and beyond) and will discuss the future role of the O&P patient care provider as well as what we can and should do now to assure our place as health care providers for the future.

In this presentation, the pathomechanics as well as the physiologic response of the Cast syndrome are described through a review of the literature and pertinent cases.

This study evaluates the effectiveness of the Dynamic Spinecor brace for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in accordance with the standardized criteria proposed by the Scoliosis Research Society Committee on Bracing and Non-operative Management.

The goal of this presentation will be to review strategies to maximize a successful patient outcome. Help Practioners to understand the importance of reviewing the in brace x-ray, learning how to interpret the x-ray, what are we looking for and learning a logical thought process regarding adjustments to be made to benefit patient outcome.

Review a study comparing outcomes of Spinecor brace treatment in AIS patients who were obese with the outcome in patients who were not.

A retrospective review of 250 babies referred for cranial remolding orthoses determined that babies with asymmetrical brachycephaly represent about 45% of all babies referred for cranial remolding orthoses. Learn to identify criteria for defining this group and treatment protocols for babies with asymmetrical brachycephaly in order to correct the deformity and provide optimal treatment outcomes.

Review normal values used comparatively for clinical analysis at end cranial remolding helmet therapy specifically using a laser shape digitizer.

Are you interested in systematically answering clinical questions, but don't know where to start? Do you want to help build the evidence to support practice? Are you concerned about developing the evidence to justify reimbursement for your services? Join us for a workshop focusing on designing and conducting single subject research. It will involve both a PowerPoint presentation and experience designing a practical, clinical study.

Ethnography is a new area of study in the area of marketing. Since an estimated 65%-70% of communications is what we see and do rather than what we say it is important to understand what non-verbal messages you are unconsciously sending and receiving. We make decisions as to what we like and dislike within the first six seconds of visual contact. The goal of this program is to create awareness of this powerful communication tool. Participants will also learn how to improve their communications through their actions.

Receive a thorough introduction to a new negative-pressure dynamic transtibial socket system that is achieved without the application of mechanical components. Discover how innovative materials incorporated with a distinct socket design create a negative-pressure environment that adapts in response to activities.

Review alternative suspension systems as well as special adaptations to optimize dexterity or weakness. Gain the ability to recognize special needs of the geriatric client and various suspension solutions that do not compromise biomechanic fit and comfort of the prosthesis.

Discuss the successful development of modular vacuum donning component systems.

As elevated vacuum technologies in prosthetics advance from our most common application in TT socket designs, this presentation will discuss different clinical methods for obtaining and maintaining a sealed socket environment in TF socket systems

Review fitting methodology and identify a basic classification system for socket options. Focus on a program of care which is used post-surgically through to the final stages of limb maturity.

This presentation will cover the necessary communication between surgeon and prosthetist, along with fitting techniques proven to create greater success for this patient population.

Gain insight on the technological advances in prosthetic components, materials and fitting techniques that have led to fundamental expectations when performing prosthetic fittings.

Review treatment options for enhancing the healing of difficult wounds. Four different cases of delayed wound healing, their treatment and outcome will be presented.

Discuss leadership art & science thru an interactive dialogue and examples including movie clips. Learn about building trust (even after it has been broken), appreciative inquiry, leadership traits, and critical thinking tenets.

Discuss if using subatomic socket technology could be used both as a form of suspension for walking and to help heal a diabetic ulcer.

Discuss the prevalence of childhood obesity in the general population and its relationship to our pediatric lower extremity amputee population of 230 patients. Address the obligation of an institution to trend and identify existing and potential obese pediatric patients and offer education, counseling, and recommended life style changes for these patients and families.

Partial or total longitudinal deficiency of the fibula is a congenital condition that primarily affects the fibula and is the most common deficiency amongst all long bones. Current surgical intervention is either leg lengthening through callus distraction with other possible corrective surgeries or ankle disarticulation amputation with prosthetic length restoration. This study took multiple measures utilizing a motion analysis laboratory in a pre-amputation condition and again following amputation and prosthetic rehabilitation.

Review the literature regarding function after Van Nes Rotationplasty, in particular gait analysis and energy expenditure and discuss implications for clinical practice.

Learn to incorporate the theories of the Ponseti Treatment Method into your practice.

Gain insight into the challenges associated with the prosthetic treatment of returning wounded war veterans. Topics discussed will include transfemoral and hemicorporectomy amputees as well as heterotopic ossification.

In this session we draw from 10 years of consulting experience in the O&P field to present valuable and practical business information such as: common pitfalls in running a business, how to gain market share and how to create an entrepreneurial niche for your practice.

Review two case studies of long time orthotic patients with different diagnoses; one with bilateral AFOs and the other with KAFO.

Review a case study of an active 64-year old male patient affected by post polio syndrome late in his life and the progression of his orthotic management over the last three years.

Review gait deviations resulting from CMT and examine simple methods of evaluating the effects of AFO's on gait and balance.

Compare the function of silicone ankle-foot orthoses (SAFOs) to posterior leaf spring anklefoot orthoses (PLS-AFOs) in terms of their ability to improve gait biomechanics in a subject with bilateral lower extremity weakness distal to the knee secondary to Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disorder.

Discuss the mechanisms acting around the subtalar joint during normal gait. It is a continuation of material presented at the March 2007 Academy Annual Meeting in San Francisco, but with enhanced 3D animated graphics and a case study, not previously presented.

Review, through the use of video, the effectiveness of the SAFO in four clinical cases where patients rejected conventional orthoses.

Look at three important subjects relating to Instrumented Normal and Pathological Gait. Discuss some of the limitations and possible errors associated with assumptions that are associated with marker based motion analysis systems. A novel presentation of gait mechanics drawn directly from instrumented gait research on Stance Control Orthoses and Microprocessor knees will be presented. Subtalor biomechanics will be presented in a highly visual format utilizing graphical representation of motion and force data to illustrate the influence of subtalor motion on gait dynamics. This unique presentation uses normal data and pulls together ideas on subtalor mechanics from across various disciplines in a highly visual format.

Change is happening in our lives at a faster pace than ever before. How do we cope with all of the changes in our lives? This program will not stop change, but it will provide tools to take a little more control of your life. You can either let change control you, or you can harness change to your benefit.

By virtue of their design and function, orthoses and prostheses will have an impact on the user's skin, and in some cases, underlying tissues. Numerous factors will influence a given patient's ability to tolerate the forces generated at this point of contact, and numerous materials are used in O&P to help mitigate potential challenges that may arise due to this challenge. Learn from a panel of experts on how to identify the risks, understand the mechanisms of potential harm and what you should consider as treatment options to best serve your patients.

Review the extensive care of a 30-yr old Marine injured in Iraq by a road side IED. His injuries include; T-8 incomplete spinal cord injury, left transtibial amputation, right foot and ankle fusion/reconstruction, right upper extremity reconstruction with fibular graft, right elbow fusion, and left knee reconstruction.

Discuss a physician's decision to undergo a 21 ½ hour procedure of re-implantation and one year later, re-amputation. The physician created a list looking at the advantages of retaining the nonfunctional hand or replacing it with a prosthetic hand. This list will be discussed as part of the case presentation and may be helpful for future patients who are faced with this same issue.

This discussion focuses on two individuals. They are long time prosthetic users secondary to upper extremity amputation who presented with significant shoulder changes requiring surgical intervention. Methods implemented by the team to accomplish the goals of pain reduction, no negative changes of function of the non-amputated extremity, return to the prosthesis, and work environment will be provided.

The purpose of this presentation is to offer an alternative to currently available designs for the myoelectric wearer using a silicone liner.

Review the various challenges of fitting the partial hand amputee such as accommodating limb remnants, providing active prehension and preserving sensation of the tactile areas. A combination of orthotic and prosthetic solutions will be incorporated in a discussion of biomechanic drive mechanisms such as tenodesis, finger driven, and opposition posts.

The talk about participation in kayaking with upper extremity amputation has been limited. In 2005, the Hammerhead Kayak Hand was released. Also in 2005, researchers from The University of South Florida developed the USF Kayak Hand. Development and research is discussed.

A transradial prosthesis with wrist and forearm limitations may cause compensatory motion during activities of daily living (ADL). The purpose of this case study was to determine if compensation occurs at the shoulder or elbow while wearing a prosthesis.

Come see how learning objectives aid in clarifying instruction and improve communication between teacher and student and resident staff and resident.

Review results of a study to identify the key measures of gait and mobility that best characterize performance differences between prosthetic foot designs. It is also intended to determine the relationship between functional/self report measures and quantitative biomechanics measures of prosthetic foot performance. The relationship between amputee demographic characteristics and prosthetic foot performance of the Transtibial amputee are also addressed.

The standard for care in prosthetics and orthotics has been moving toward Evidence Based Practice in recent decades. The pace of this evolution is expected to accelerate now that many third parties have already implemented Evidence Based Payment requirements that restrict access to technologically advanced care. This 90-minute session will provide the busy practitioner with a concise overview of the current state-of-the-art in scientific outcome measures, emphasizing the importance in clinical applications of five interrelated types of measurement:

1. Health Care Economic Impact
2. Rehabilitation Guidance Tools
3. Activity Limitation/Performance Measures
4. Pain and Comfort Scales
5. Quality of Life Instruments

In this session, techniques and modalities are shown to identify, assess and address shear. It demonstrates through samples and case studies, the visual signs of shear and will discuss new products and orthotic materials on the market, which can be used with foot orthoses or by themselves to manage shear and reduce friction.

Examine solutions that provide controlled motion such as RGO, Anti-adduction Orthosis, Dynamic AFO's, Selective Locking Knees, and their combination. Clinical approaches combining these technologies into sign devices will also be discussed to provide unique solutions. Various composite and alternative construction techniques will also be discussed.

Review results of the Comparison of Moments of Thermoplastic Non-Articulated Dorsiflexion Assist AFOs and their Finite Element Models.

The goal of this study was to determine the clinical relevance of ankle-foot orthosis use on walking ability and other gait parameters in the post-stroke population.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of bilateral SMO's on the gait of children with benign hypotonia and excessive pronation.

Address the biomechanics of foot function and gait.

Discuss how research can improve prosthetic prescriptions and patient outcomes.

When conflict emerges in a practitioner/patient relationship moments of potential breakdown can also be opportunities for breakthrough. Transforming tough, even hostile disagreements into satisfying, respectful resolutions requires courage and skill. Participants in this interactive symposium will learn practical techniques that can be applied in their practice to prevent, confront, diffuse, and resolve conflict effectively.

Discuss how 360 O&P harnesses the power of the web to allow all members of the O&P community, including practitioners, manufacturers, vendors, patients, and their support networks, an open communication forum.

This presentation describes a miniaturized, integrated device that allows continuous, unattended measurement of forces and moments transmitted to the prosthetic socket, as well as movement-related aspects of gait during real-world functional tasks, and could provide prosthetists with objective outcomes metrics.

The aim of P.O.C.C. is to provide a mechanism for people to make tax deductible donations of new and gently used prosthetic and orthotic goods while in turn affording non-governmental organizations (NGOs), P&O practitioners, and developing world schools, and facilities access to these badly needed prosthetic and orthotic goods. The goal is to reduce the number of people in need of prosthetic and orthotic services who lack the resources or access to them.

Discuss the prerequisites for positive coverage determinations for Federal, State and private payors. Levels of evidence for prosthetic and orthotic devices will be presented including practice guidelines and clinical research. Evidencebased guidelines for reimbursement will be discussed.

The presentation will provide an introduction to the ethical concerns associated with O&P research involving human subjects and the implications of this when external funding for research is sought.